The Walk-and-Turn (WAT) test is one of the three standardized field sobriety tests (SFSTs) developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to help law enforcement officers identify drivers who may be impaired by alcohol or drugs. While the test is often considered straightforward, it involves precise protocols and observations that can be crucial in a South Carolina DUI defense. This article provides an in-depth look at the Walk-and-Turn test, its methodology, and its role in DUI cases.
The Purpose of the Walk-and-Turn Test
The Walk-and-Turn test is classified as a divided attention task, meaning it requires the subject to simultaneously perform both physical and mental tasks. Impaired individuals may struggle with these dual demands, making errors that officers document as clues of potential impairment. However, it’s important to note that the WAT test, like other SFSTs, does not conclusively prove impairment. Instead, it identifies a likelihood that the subject has a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or higher if enough clues are observed.
How the Walk-and-Turn Test Is Administered
The test is conducted in two distinct phases: the instruction phase and the walking phase. Both phases are critical, and officers are trained to meticulously observe for specific signs of impairment.
Instruction Phase:
- The officer begins by directing the subject to stand on a designated straight line (real or imaginary), placing the left foot on the line and the right foot directly in front of it, heel-to-toe.
- The subject must remain in this position while the officer provides instructions. Moving out of this position prematurely is considered a clue of impairment.
- The officer demonstrates the test, explaining that the subject will take nine heel-to-toe steps along the line, pivot on one foot, and return with nine steps in the opposite direction.
Walking Phase:
- The subject executes the test as instructed, maintaining a heel-to-toe gait, keeping arms at their sides, and counting steps aloud.
- At the turn, the subject must execute a series of small pivoting steps and continue walking back in the same manner.
The officer observes and records any of eight specific clues of impairment during the test:
- Cannot maintain balance while listening to instructions.
- Starts walking before instructions are complete.
- Stops walking during the test.
- Fails to touch heel-to-toe.
- Steps off the line.
- Uses arms to maintain balance.
- Makes an improper turn.
- Takes the wrong number of steps.
If two or more clues are observed, the test suggests a 68% likelihood that the subject’s BAC is 0.08 or higher, based on NHTSA research.
Factors That Can Influence Test Results
While the Walk-and-Turn test is widely used, it is far from perfect. Various factors can affect the reliability of the test, including:
- Medical Conditions: Physical impairments, neurological conditions, or injuries can make it difficult for a sober individual to perform the test as instructed.
- Environmental Factors: Uneven surfaces, poor lighting, or inclement weather can negatively impact performance.
- Improper Footwear: High heels, sandals, or loose shoes can hinder balance and coordination.
- Fatigue or Nervousness: Anxiety and exhaustion can cause even sober individuals to make mistakes during the test.
- Improper Instructions: Officers must provide clear and precise instructions. Any deviation from standardized protocols can render the test results unreliable.
Defending Against Walk-and-Turn Test Results
The Walk-and-Turn test is often introduced as evidence in DUI cases, but its reliability can be challenged. A skilled DUI defense attorney can examine whether the test was properly administered, whether the conditions were suitable, and whether the subject had any medical or environmental factors that could have impacted their performance.
Call Us Now
Facing a DUI charge in South Carolina can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. At the Law Office of James R. Snell, Jr., LLC, we understand the complexities of DUI cases, including those involving the Walk-and-Turn test. James Snell is the author of South Carolina DUI Defense: The Law and Practice and a certified NHTSA DWI Detection and Field Sobriety Testing instructor. He has represented hundreds of clients in Lexington, Columbia, and throughout South Carolina, helping them fight DUI charges and protect their rights.
DUI cases are urgent, and prompt action is essential to safeguard your license, freedom, and reputation. Call us today at (803) 359-3301 for a free consultation. Let us put our expertise and dedication to work for you.